Wars of Spanish Succession Thesis

After the Wars of Spanish Succession, Austria made out with the best deal in the Treaty of Utrecht because of the land all over Europe that it gained, from Italy to the Netherlands.

Dutch Republic Free Response

The Dutch Republic of the 17th century was divided into seven provinces, each one with the ability to select its own ruler, as opposed to countries such as England, France, and Russia with their absolute monarchs.  At the end of the Thirty Years War this independent republic was formally recognized by the rest of Europe.  In the Golden Age of the Dutch Republic in the early 17th century, it was able to rise above much of Europe in exploration and trade by establishing the Dutch East India Company and Dutch West India Company.  The main reason that the Dutch Republic of the 17th century was able to establish worldwide trade, house the largest bank in Europe, and have the highest condition of living at that time was because of the fact that they put less of an emphasis on absolute ruling and exhausted less effort controlling every aspect of the people than their absolutist neighbors.

In the Dutch Republic, an important part of what they stood for was their religious toleration.  Though it was primarily Calvinist, many other religions resided and were accepted in the Dutch Republic.  Christian minorities fled there from their home countries and lived in peace with Catholics, Jews, and Protestants.  In Russia, Peter the Great attempted to secularize the country and the Russian Orthodox Church, but this was only met with rebellions by fundamentalist Christians.  Peter had to use his army and his resources in order to bring them down, an effort which could have been used elsewhere and more successfully.  In the Ottoman Empire, Muslim leaders were the ones ruling the country.  They persecuted Christians and attempted to convert them to the Muslim faith.  Eventually, this theocracy fell apart because of corrupt actions.  If religion had been kept out of the equation and leaders could have been selected by the people, the Ottoman Empire would have had a better chance of succeeding in government workings like the Dutch Republic.

Because the Dutch Republic did not have an absolute monarchy, there was not one person who could take all the power or all the money.  Even when William of Orange was appointed leader of six out of the seven provinces, he still could not be the supreme ruler.  This was the earliest of a system of checks and balances, which none of the other countries followed.  King Louis XIV of France had free reign when he came of age, and taxed the French peasantry enormously.  With this money, he built the extravagant palace of Versailles, for use of him and his nobility -- the likes of which hardly paid any taxes.  Not only did the Dutch Republic acquire their surplus of money more fairly, but they also put it to good use, distributing it fairly amongst its growing middle class.

Because of the relative peace and lack of angry rebellions in the Dutch Republic, much effort was given to building up a strong navy and expanding trade routes and territories.  In 1600, their navy had roughly 10,000 ships, and the Dutch Republic was known to be home to excellent fishermen and canal builders.  The Dutch East India Company traded with such places as Indonesia and India.  The Dutch West India Company traded with Africa and the Americas.  Because the Dutch Republic did not have to establish friendly relationships within its own country, it could make connections with other countries.  While other countries were struggling interiorly, the Dutch Republic was doing just fine.  It was doing so fine that, when there was conflict in England, William of Orange of the Dutch Republic was able to come in and take over, along with his wife Mary.

The Dutch Republic was the most successful of all European countries in the 17th century.  It was peaceful, had a bustling economy, and had a very content, growing middle class.  This was due to the fact that there was no absolute ruler, therefore no religious prejudices, no one person have all the power, and no one person to monopolize all of the money and resources.  The leaders sharing the power in the Dutch Republic were able to keep all of their citizens happy because their distribution of power and money was equal.  Because their people were happy, the leaders of the Dutch Republic and the wealthy merchants were able to establish very successful trade relationships with other countries, boosting the economy even more.  The Dutch Republic had no problems with monarchs and corruptness because of their republic, and this is what made them so successful.

Galileo Free Response Practice 2.0

During the Scientific Revolution in Europe in the 16th and 17th century, Galileo was a great scientist who made many astronomic, mathematic, and physical discoveries.  He has been referred to as the "father of science," and Pope Pius XII referred to Galileo as one of the "most audacious heroes of research."  However, at that time, since many of his findings disagreed with beliefs that had always been held by the Church, Galileo made himself an enemy of the Vatican and its priests and bishops.  Galileo's being persecuted by the Church because of his differing astronomical ideas was the biggest setback in expanding his studies because of the power and control the Church had over Europe at that time, and people of that time would have known much more about science sooner had it not been for this roadblock, and people today also may have even known more.

Throughout his life, Galileo contradicted the findings of multiple Jesuit priests.  Galileo published The Assayer in 1623, discussing, among other things, the nature of comets.  The previous year, Father Orazio Grassi had written pamphlet on comets, and because Galileo's views contradicted those written in Grassi's pamphlet, a controversy between Galileo's and Grassi's ideas arose.  In another work, Galileo also contradicted Father Christoph Scheinder's ideas on sunspots.  Galileo proved to be a constant struggle against the Church, contradicting its priests and forcing them to turn their people against Galileo.  With these priests discouraging their followers and students from Galileo's works, people were less likely to read them, fearing the wrath of God.

During the Roman Inquisition, the Vatican itself dealt with the people opposing their teachings and loyal priests.  In 1616, they banned Copernicus's Orbium Coelestium, putting it on the Index of Forbidden Books.  This alone was enough to discourage people from listening to Galileo, whose work was largely based on Copernican theories of heliocentricism, instead of the Church's ideas of geocentricism.  This was also the year that Galileo was chastised for his findings and asked to repent by Cardinal Bellarmine.  The Vatican made an example out of him to show the people what would happen to them if they went against the Church, which no one was eager to do now.  This time, Galileo refused and continued on with his work.  Galileo went on trial in 1633, in which the verdict was that Galileo had committed great acts of heresy, and was forced to sign a form, formally announcing that he was wrong.  Further printing of his works were banned, making it very difficult for Europeans to get a hold of his now-heretic discoveries.  It was not until 1718, almost one hundred years later, that the current Pope lifted the ban on his works and they were able to be printed yet again.  That is one hundred years in which people could have learned the truth about the tides, the truth about the position of the earth, and the truth of many more various astronomical phenomena.  If not for the Church, people of 16th and 17th century Europe would have been much more educated about the sky above them.

If not for the discouraging Church, Galileo may have even discovered more than all that he had in his time.  All the time he spent fighting the Church could have been used to even further improve his compass or telescope design, for example.  He could have taken more time to stargaze and report even more on what he saw.  Instead, he was exhausting his efforts trying to spread his truths to the whole of Europe.  In the last years of his life, when he was under house arrest for heresy, he could have been discovering even more about physics, mathematics, or astronomy.  If Galileo had not been persecuted by the Church, he would have had more time to devote to his studies, and therefore would have had more to share with the world.

The Catholic Church and all of its priests and bishops were a hindrance to Galileo, even those such as Pope Urban VIII who Galileo had considered a friend.  Living in Italy where the influence of the Church was greatest did not help; Galileo's whole life was spent fighting against the Church to spread his beliefs.  Because the Church was so powerful, it is not a surprise that it took almost a whole century after Galileo's death for this to happen.  If not for the Church in general and its representatives such as Grassi, Scheinder, and Bellarmine, the whole of Europe would have learned much more about science sooner, and people today may even know more than they currently do because of what Galileo would have been able to learn.

Great Fire of London Map

View Great Fire of London in a larger map

Free Response Practice #1

Why are the trials and tribulations of Galileo often considered both predicative of the future of Western Civilization as well as a perfect encapsulation of the context of his own time?

Galileo was a man who was born and worked during the Scientific Revolution is Europe in the 16th century.  He made many advancements in astronomy, mathematics, and physics, but was also held back by the Catholic Church.  Galileo's trials and tribulations throughout his life demonstrate the condition of Europe at that time because it showed how big a role the Church had -- in not only religion but also science and society in general -- and showed how close-minded Europeans could be to new things, but he looked towards the future of Europe and the world because, despite the Church and the naysayers, his findings influenced many other scientists of the Revolution and much of his discoveries are still used today.

Throughout Galileo's life and his research, his findings were not widely accepted by the European community, Jesuit priests in particular.  Father Grassi had published a treatise of comets and their origins.  Galileo had later published The Assayer, which contradicted Grassi's views on comets.  Grassi, instead of considering the possibility that he was wrong, instead turned people against Galileo and his ideas.  Father Christoph Schiender's views on astronomy also differed from Galileo's; they both had different ideas about sunspots and where they came from.  Scheinder had also accused Galileo of plagiarizing from the former's book of mathematics.  Like Grassi, Scheinder was not willing to accept Galileo's different ideas, and even went so far as to accuse him of stealing ideas, which may or may not have been true.  These people represented the mindset of many people in Europe at that time, showing how hard it must have been for Galileo to teach others what he had learned.

In his time, Galileo also showed how powerful the Catholic Church was, and how much control it had over many things other than religion.  One of the most religiously controversial things that Galileo believed in was the Copernican idea of heliocentricism.  The Church had biblical reason to believe that the Earth was the center of the universe, whereas Galileo had scientific reason to believe it was not.  Even when Cardinal Bellarmino gave Galileo an order to stop preaching such blasphemy, he still continued with his current works and findings.  Galileo was one of the earliest people that the Vatican punished in the Roman Inquisition.  An order was given to stop printing Galileo's findings, and he was put under house arrest for the last years of his life.  This part of Galileo's life shows that it is not a particularly good idea to get on the Church's bad side.  Though now, in 2010, the Pope seems to be exclusively the head of the Church, Galileo shows that, at that present time in Europe, the Pope and his bishops were in charge of much more than religion.

Despite the Church's bad feelings towards Galileo, he was still able to be a spearhead in the Scientific Revolution.  He worked with Johannes Kepler to help develop his laws of planetary motion.  Galileo had done some work on the laws of motion that had previously been established, and this work helped Sir Isaac Newton develop his laws of motion that are still accepted today.  By improving the design of a compass and  a Dutch telescope, Galileo was able to give others the resources to further astronomical discoveries and the study of the stars.  Though he was persecuted by the Church which highly discouraged his work, he was still able to pass it on to later generations of scientists who got much use out of it.  Galileo, living and working at the beginning of the Scientific Revolution, was able to be one of the men who really began the whole thing, and his work was a foreshadowing of the entire era that was about to occur in Europe.  Even today, the four moons of Jupiter that he had discovered with his telescope are still widely accepted, and the Gal is a unit of measurement of acceleration named after him.  Galileo's findings pointed toward much of what would be found during the future of the Scientific Revolution, and even many discoveries today.

Galileo was limited by the mindset of both the Church and the general public at the time of the Scientific Revolution, but he was still able to pass his findings on to the future of European scientists.  He was persecuted up until his very last days, but he still lives on in his research.  Galileo sacrificed much for his science, and showed how hard it can be to go against the Church and even Europe, but he succeeded.  He succeeded in changing the world of science forever, and though there were troubles, Galileo was able to overcome them proudly, always looking to the future.

The Test That I Killed Myself Studying For And Really Hope I Pass Score

Number wrong: 19
Score: 50/50
YAY!

The Test That I Killed Myself Studying For And Really Hope I Pass Part Deux

48. Prince Henry the Navigator
49. Christopher Columbus
50. Columbian Exchange
51. Goods and people
52. Mercantilism
53. Joint-Stock Company
54. Protestant
55. True
56. Amsterdam
57. Hapsburg
58. No
59. Pachelbel
60. Middle class
61. House of Lords
62. Protestants (Anglicans)
63. Stuart
64. Episcopal
65. 1603 - 1625
66. Divine Right of Kings
67. Puritans
68. Petition of Right
69. William Laud
70. Scotland
71. Cavaliers
72. Roundheads
73. Oliver Cromwell
74. Republic
75. Lord Protector
76. Levellers
77. Charles II
78. Stuart Dynasty
79. Thomas Hobbes

The Test That I Killed Myself Studying For And Really Hope I Pass

1. Martin Luther
2. 95 Theses
3. Amsterdam (???)
4. The Basilica
5. October 31 (Halloween), 1517 (**Freebie)
6. Salvation by faith alone
7. The Bible
8. Hierarchy of bishops and Pope
9. The Protestants and Martin Luther (???)
10. False
11. German peasantry
12. Catholicism
13. Protestantism
14. Peace of Augsburg
15. Luther was a revolutionary because he contradicted the Catholic teachings, and when the Catholics approached him in a Council to make him admit his mistakes, he refused.
16. Luther was a political conservative because he didn't involve himself in wars, though there were wars fought over his beliefs.
17. John Calvin
18. Amsterdam
19. (**Freebie)
20. Hugonots
21. Henry VIII
22. Elizabeth I
23. Anabaptists
24. Pope Leo
25. Council of Trent
26. True
27. William Tyndale
28. Archbishop Curly
29. To have faith in God and spread it to others
30. 17th century (1600)
31. Raphael
32. Philip II
33. The Spanish Armada
34, St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
35. Edict of Nantes
36. 300
37. Peace of Augsburg
38. Protestant Union
39. Catholic League
40. Catholic (they wanted to reverse Protestant gains)
41. Protestants
42. Catholic League: Ferdinand II; Protestant Union: Frederick V
43. Gustavus Adolphus
44. Peace of Westphalia
45. Alsauce
46. Germany
47. France

DBQ Format Quiz

1. What is the range of scores for a DBQ essay?

• The range of scores is from 0-9, with 0 being the worst and 9 being the best.

2. If a DBQ does not have a thesis statement, what's the highest score it can get?

• If a DBQ does not have a thesis, the highest score it can get is a 5.

3. If you have 12 documents, what is the bare minimum of documents you must cite?

• The bare minimum documents is 7, half of the given plus one

4. Explain what "bias" is.

• Bias is the viewpoint of the author or artist of a given document, which could get in the way of the true facts

5. What does it mean by "groupings"?

• Grouping refers to categorizing the documents in some way, such as by the different types of people the authors are (Ex. - nobles, peasants, merchants)

6. What would be the citation for "Document 5"?

• (Document 5)

Baroque Symphony

• Minuet in G - Bach
• Johann Sebastian Bach was a famous German composer during the Baroque period. He was born on the thirty-first of March of the year 1685. At the age of 14, Bach was accepted to the prestigious St. Michael’s School in Luneburg, Germany. After graduating, Bach went from being a court musician in the chapel of Duke Johann Ernst, to an organist at St. Blasius’s to a court organist in Weimer, where he first had an opportunity to compose his own music. Through his life, Bach composed pieces for the organ and harpsichord, orchestral music, and choral performances. “Minuet in G” was one of the most famous pieces attributed to him, appearing in the Notebook for Anna Magdalena Bach, a collection of compositions from himself and others for his second wife.
• Spring - Vivaldi
• Antonio Vivaldi, as opposed to Bach and Pachelbel, was an Italian Baroque composer known for his violin concertos. Vivaldi was born in Venice in the year 1678, learning to play violin from his father at a very early age. It is said that Vivaldi had a form of asthma, one possible reason why many of his compositions were for string instruments, as opposed to wind instruments. Vivaldi After being ordained as a minister at age 25 in 1703, Vivaldi received the nickname of “The Red Priest,” for his hereditary red hair and new status in the Church. “Spring” was one part of Vivaldi’s four-part violin concerto titled “the Four Seasons,” and is broken into three parts based on tempo.
• Canon in D - Pachelbel
• Like Bach, Johann Pachelbel was also a German composer during the Baroque period. Pachelbel, born in the year of 1653 in Nuremburg, was employed as an organist throughout his life at such places as the Saint Stephen Cathedral and Predigerkirche in Erfurt, where he settled for a long time. During his stay at Erfurt was the time when Pachelbel did the majority of his composing, and also when he met and married his two wives. “Canon in D” is notably Pachelbel’s most famous composition and his only canon, but wasn’t published until 1919.
• Fanfare-Rondeau - Jean-Joseph Mouret
• Unlike our previous composers, Jean-Joseph Mouret was an French Baroque composer born in the year of 1682. He was one of the forerunners of the Baroque movement in his country at this time. He was born on April 11th to a wealthy silk merchant who recognized his musical prowess and supported him so that it could blossom. He moved to Paris at the age of 25, and was made a musical superintendent to Anne, Duchess of Maine. Under her employment, Mouret produced operas and was soon promoted to the director of the orchestra of the Opèra in 1714. Fanfare-Rondeau is one of few of his works that are still performed today.
  
  
  

Kaplan Guide: Chapter 3 The Renaissance

1) Roman Catholic Church: After the Christian Church split in 1054, this was the half centered in Italy ruled by the Pope

2) Eastern Orthodox Church: After the Christian Church split in 1054, this was the half centered in Constantinople

3) Crusades: A series of religious wars fought from 1095 to 1291 in a vain attempt to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims

4) Bubonic Plague (Black Death): A deadly disease that came from the Middle East to Europe in the 14th century that was caused by bacteria living on rats and wiped out over 30% of the population

5) Gunpowder: A mixture of coal and sulfur that first appeared in Europe in Norway in 1250 A.D. and was a big factor in warfare

6) Medici: An influential family in Europe that gained power after developing a bank and becoming rich.   Giovanni, Cosimo, and Lorenzo were all humanists and big patrons of the arts

7) Oligarchies: Committees of the wealthy and powerful that rule city-states and are often tyrannical;  Ex. - Vaishali, the First French Republic, Sparta

8) Condottieri: Foreign mercenaries soldier leaders who were sometimes hired by city states to make their armies stronger

9) New Monarchies: Stable and centralized governments created by 15th century European rulers

10) Humanism: A secular concept of life with a focus on the liberal arts (Classics, rhetoric, history)

11) Renaissance Man: The ideal person who used his opportunities, demonstrated control, and was a casual expert in many subjects; Ex. - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Renaissance_men

12)  Perspective: A way to paint or draw to give work depth and a three-dimensional sense

13) Leonardo da Vinci: A painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, and writer who is considered to be one of the most diversely talented men in history

14) Michelangelo (Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni): A painter, sculptor, architect, poet, and engineer during Renaissance whose rival was da Vinci

15) Frescoes: Mural paintings done by mixing color into wet plaster on a wall or a ceiling

16) Madonnas: Paintings of the the Madonna that were popular in Renaissance Italy, though religious paintings were as a whole declining because of the secular humanism in this time period

17) Raphael Sanzio: A painter and architect of the high Renaissance who paid special attention to religious works, made famous by his painting of the Madonna and Child

18) Pieta: Christian art depicting the Virgin Mary cradling the dead body of Jesus

19) Filippo Brunelleschi: One of the foremost architects and engineers in the Italian Renaissance, the architect who built the Florence Cathedral dome

20) Dante Alighieri: The author of the Divine Comedy, in Florence, Italy, which he wrote in the vernacular

21) Francasco Petrarch: An Italian poet who developed the Italian sonnet

22) Giovanni Boccaccio: Notable humanist of the italian Renaissance and writer of the Decameron, written in the vernacular

23) Baldassare Castiglioni: An Italian courtier, diplomat, soldier, and a Renaissance author who wrote a book on how to be a proper courtier

24) Niccolo Machiavelli: An Italian philosopher and writer based in Florence during the Renaissance who wrote The Prince

25) Christian humanists: People who were more spiritual in their outlook, less materialistic, and more focused on questions of morality and ethics

26) New universities: An influx of universities founded in the North in the 15th century

27) Fugger: A family of bankers from Germany in the 15th and 16th century in who were known as replacing the Medicis

28) Thomas More: English lawyer, humanist, philosopher, author, and statesmen of the Italian renaissance who was an important chancellor to Henry and considered a saint in the Catholic Church

29) Desiderius Erasmus: A clergyman who believed in the goodness of humanity

30) Mysticism: A mystery religion that doesn't have an exact belief in the divine

31) Brothers and Sisters of the Common Life: A Roman Catholic religious community formed in the 14th century who practiced the Modern Devotion

32) Flemish Masters: Painters of realistic oil paintings

33) New Monarchies:

Tudors- The Tudor dynasty or House of Tudor was a prominent European royal house of Welsh origin that ruled the Kingdom of England and its realms, including the Lordship and Kingdom of Ireland, from 1485 until 1603. Its first monarch was Henry Tudor.
Valois - a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty, succeeding the House of Capet as kings of France from 1328 to 1589. A cadet branch of the family reigned as dukes of Burgundy from 1363 to 1482.
Habsburgs - Important royal house of Europe from which all elected Holy Roman Emperors and rulers of Austria and Spain came

34) Star Chamber: A royal court developed by Henry VII for offending nobility, conducted without a jury

35) Inquisition: Institutions that fought against heretics within the Roman Catholic Church

36) Holy Roman Empire: A realm of German states bound together under one emperor that grew for many years

Espana

Spain on Prezi

The Prince by Niccolo Machiavelli

1.

 Cesare Borgio would be a very successful businessman in today's society, especially if he were the head of an international company that used many different places to make and sell their product.  In Cesare's rule, he disposed of "such forces not appearing to him reliable," (Chapter 8) until he found a group of forces which he trusted fully.  With the entire world at his disposal, he would be very apt at finding the best countries and companies with which to work,  and therefore very successful at turning a profit from whatever he produces.

Ramiro d'Orco, though he met an untimely public death, was as a whole successful in the task he was assigned to complete.  Described as "a swift and cruel man," (Chapter 7), Ramiro would be the most successful in charge of a NGO.  When Duke Valentino promoted Ramiro, "he gave the fullest power" (Chapter 7) to him.  Though Ramiro was technically working for Valentino, he worked independently from him and "in a short time restored peace and unity with great success," (Chapter 7).  But, eventually Valentino became afraid of the power that Ramiro held, so he executed him, impressing his subjects with "the barbarity of this spectacle," (Chapter 7)

Oliverotto da Fermo, in modern business, would be not be successful unless in a organization such as the mafia.  In his rule, he used deceit and war to succeed, fighting with and murdering his own family in order to secure his position.  He considered it "a paltry thing to serve under others," (Chapter 8), so he used whatever means necessary to rise above his superiors.  Oliverotto put on a facade of kindness when he invited his uncle Giovanni Fogliani to visit, because "he entreated Giovanni to arrange that he should be received honorably by the Fermians, all of which would be not only to his honor but also to that of Giovanni himself who had brought him up," (Chapter 8).  By acting like Giovanni's coming was going to be a splendid family reunion, Oliverotto gained his trust and was able to arrange that "soldiers issued from secret places and slaughtered Giovanni and the rest," (Chapter 8) murdering the uncle that had raised him as a son.  For this clever underhandedness, Oliverotto would make a successful leader of the mafia, climbing through the ranks with his fellow assassins and committing parricide of the people thought to be his friends until he was on top, a very honorable place indeed.

2.

 Though a prince has many people who help him to be a successful ruler, above all, his people are a prince's greatest ally.  "A prince can never secure himself against a hostile people, because of their being too many, whilst from the nobles he can secure himself, as they are few in number," (Chapter 9).  If all of the people within a prince's principality disliked their ruler and decided to rebel together, they would be too much for the prince to overcome, and he would be trampled by their immeasurable force in their numbers. Also, "the prince is compelled to live always with the same people, but he can do well without the same nobles," (Chapter 9).  A prince has the power to appoint whatever nobles he so chooses, so if one displeases him he can dispose of him.  On the other hand, a power the prince does not have is to force the people that oppose him to leave the country.  Though he could exile a few, if many choose to join forces against the prince, they will defeat him merely because of their numbers.  But still considering this, "wise princes have taken every care not to drive the nobles to desperation, and to keep the people satisfied and contented," (Chapter 19) because it is always in anyone's best interest to have as many people on their side as is possible.  On a military side, "it is now more necessary to all princes...to satisfy the people rather than the soldiers, because the people are more powerful," (Chapter 19).  The people enjoy peace, and the soldiers enjoy the amount of money for them that comes from war, so these two groups of people are discordant with one another.  Even though soldiers have war experience and many weapons at their disposal, the people still outnumber them and are the ones that must live under the prince's rule.  And even with regards to this, "there never was a new prince who has disarmed his subjects," (Chapter 20).  In conclusion, though many different groups of people can be beneficial to a prince, his subjects will be the most help to him in the end, but even before this one must consider that because "a prince cannot help being hated by someone, they ought, in the first place, to avoid being hated by everyone," (Chapter 19).

3.

 In The Prince, Machiavelli illustrates the fact that a prince must have a good balance in between being too kind and being too mean, because both could lead to his demise.  He says that, "Liberality exercised in a way that does not bring you the reputation for it, injures you," (Chapter 16).  A prince must at least appear kind enough to gain a reputation of being kind, but not too kind to give away everything and trust too much, for that will very likely lead to his end.  Machiavelli also states that there are certain points in a prince's rule in which he should exercise generosity, and points in which he should not.  With regards to different princes in different positions, he says, "Either you are a prince in fact, or in a way to become one.  In the first case, liberality is dangerous, in the second it is very necessary to be considered liberal," (Chapter 16).  When a man is striving to become a prince, he must show the people care and compassion in order to gain their trust and support, but once in control, he must rule with an iron fist, because "we have not seen great things done in our time except by those who have been considered mean; the rest have failed," (Chapter 16).  Though generosity is an important tool for a prince of a principality, Machiavelli has the general opinion that "it is much safer to be feared than loved," (Chapter 17) for a prince.

4.

 Though Machiavelli does say that a prince should have good qualities, there are also many things he says which are not in line with the Beatitudes and can be considered generally immoral.  One thing that Machiavelli says is that "on learning that nay one, on any consideration, has not told him the truth, he should let his anger be felt," (Chapter 23), but the Beatitudes instruct that one must be patient and kind, and even if someone did lie to said prince, the right thing to do would be to forgive them and not become enraged.  Machiavelli also says, with regards to being angry, that a prince should have "injuries which it is necessary for him to inflict, and to do them all at one stroke so as to not have to repeat them daily," (Chapter 8), but a prince should be able to be peaceful and not warlike so that he has no need to injure his people.  Whether or not a prince chooses to injure his people or not, Machiavelli believes that "their government is weaker and more insecure, because it rests entirely on the goodwill of those citizens," but in reality these governments will be the strongest in faith.  "Blessed are the pure in heart, for they will see God," (The Beatitudes) and be able to thrive more so than those who do not have goodwill.  Machiavelli is also wrong because he believes that "a man who wishes to act entirely up to his professions of virtue soon meets with what destroys him among so much that is evil," (Chapter 15) but ultimately those who are virtuous will be the ones who win in the end, "because great is [their] reward in heaven," (The Beatitudes). Even though Machiavelli believed that "some [princes] lived nobly and showed great qualities of soul, nevertheless they have lost their empire or have been killed by subjects who have conspired against them," (Chapter 19), he is wrong; these are the people that will always win in God's eyes.  But, no matter how a prince "may appear to him who sees and hears him altogether merciful, faithful, humane, upright, and religious," (Chapter 18), in the end, God can always see your heart, and He is the one who decides whether said prince will enter the kingdom of heaven or not.

5.

 The Beatitudes create an idealistic world in which only good is done, but the world that Machiavelli writes about is a more realistic one, in which not everyone can be a peacemaker and be virtuous.  He states that "a blunder ought never be perpetrated to avoid war, because it is not to be avoided, but it is only deferred to your advantage," (Chapter 3).  Though "blessed are the peacemakers," (The Beatitudes), Machiavelli knows that the world is a discordant one in which people need some way to resolve their differences, so they turn to war.  He even goes further into this saying that "a prince ought to have no other aim or thought, nor select anything else for his study, than war and its rules and discipline," (Chapter 14).  Even though peace would be ideal, the best way to be successful is to indeed have war and be as educated as one can be about it in order to save your people.  Also opposed to the Beatitudes, Machiavelli says that "not to lose again what they had acquired, they were compelled, in order to secure themselves, to murder him," (Chapter 12).  Though killing people is not pure in spirit, it is sometimes necessary to ensure that more good will come from a person dead than alive.  With regards to the second part of the Beatitudes, Machiavelli says that "benefits ought to be given little by little so that the flavour or them may last longer," (Chapter 8).  In the Beatitudes, the rewards for people's virtue are big and immediate, but these people should be rewarded gradually so that it means more to them.  Machiavelli's general belief is that "it will be found that something which looks like virtue, if followed, would be his ruin; whilst something else, which looks like vice, yet followed brings him security and prosperity," (Chapter 15).  The Beatitudes are very straightforward, but Machiavelli believes that they are often wrong, and that good things will more often come from bad rather than good, unlike what the Beatitudes say.  In so many words, "good works will do you harm," (Chapter 19).

Machiavelli, N. (1513). The prince. Retrieved from http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/machiavelli-prince.html

Geography of Spain and Christopher Columbus

• Sequence of Maps
• 1400: http://www.euratlas.net/history/europe/1400/entity_1122.html; http://www.euratlas.net/history/europe/1400/1400_Southwest.html
• The only part of Spain is the region Castille
• 1500: http://www.euratlas.net/history/europe/1500/entity_1122.html; http://www.euratlas.net/history/europe/1500/1500_Southwest.html
• Castille + Aragon + Granada + Arborea + Sicily = Spain
• 1600: http://www.euratlas.net/history/europe/1600/entity_1122.html; http://www.euratlas.net/history/europe/1600/1600_Southwest.html
• Spain (all above mentioned) + Portugal + Navame + Naples +Various Small States = New Spain
• Christopher Columbus
• "I should not proceed by land to the East, as is customary, but by a Westerly route, in which direction we have hitherto no certain evidence that any one has gone," (http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/columbus1.html)
• Columbus's mission
• "I left the city of Granada, on Saturday, the twelfth day of May, 1492, and proceeded to Palos, a seaport, where I armed three vessels, very fit for such an enterprise, and having provided myself with abundance of stores and seamen, I set sail from the port, on Friday, the third of August, half an hour before sunrise," (http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/columbus1.html)
• Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria
• Setting sail
• {Sunday, October 7} "At sunrise the caravel Nina, who kept ahead on account of her swiftness in sailing, while all the vessels were striving to outsail one another, and gain the reward promised by the King and Queen by first discovering land--hoisted a flag at her mast head, and fired a lombarda, as a signal that she had discovered land," (http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/columbus1.html)
• Spotting land for the first time
• {Thursday, October 11}"Numbers of the people of the island straightway collected together," (http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/columbus1.html)
• The Indian people: handsome, dark, large foreheads, naked, short and coarse hair, friendly
• Columbus gave them gifts
• {Sunday, October 14} "'Come and see the men who have come from heavens!'" "I could conquer the whole of them with fifty men, and govern them as I pleased," "I returned to the ship, and setting sail, discovered such a number of islands that I knew not which first to visit," (http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/columbus1.html)
• Indians thought they were gods
• Columbus was arrogant about conquering them
• Left the New World and found the Galapagos Islands

Revised Henry VIII's Divorce of Catherine of Aragon and Separation of the Church

Henry VIII made a brash decision to sign the Act of Supremacy, bestowing upon himself the authority over the Church of England, in order to be able to divorce his wife Catherine, who would not give him a son, and marry the younger Anne Boleyn. By making himself head of the Church of England, Henry disconnected himself from Rome and the Vatican, and had not only the power of the crown, but also the power of the supreme religious leader. Henry made it so that he himself and only himself "shall have full power and authority...to visit, repress, redress, record, order, correct, restrain, and amend all such errors, heresies, abuses, offenses, contempts, and enormities," (http://www.thenagain.info/Classes/Sources/ActSupremacy.html) which gave him any and all authority over the kingdom of England, and presented the very easy opportunity to abuse his extreme amount of power.  Consequently, he also gave himself the ability to marry any woman who would have him, since he had the power to divorce any of his wives should he so choose. Catherine of Aragon was the first victim of this. In signing the Act of Supremacy and divorcing Catherine, Henry was unjustified because he pushed his power to its limits, and abused the privileges he already had in order to steal more away, angering Catherine, the Holy Roman Empire, and many of his own subjects.

On a personal level, Catherine could not have been fond of Henry's decision to take away her position as queen and divorce her for a younger woman, all because she could not produce a son. She had been in power for 24 years, serving her husband faithfully and attempting to give him an heir many times, but all of her children were miscarried, stillborn, or died in infancy, except for one: Mary. Henry was displeased with her and thought their marriage was cursed. Catherine writes him, "You have cast me into many calamites," (http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter5.html) letting him know how much pain and stress he had caused her, but Henry never really cared about her as anything more than an object that could give him a true male heir.  When the Vatican would not let him divorce Catherine, he made himself head of the Church of England and broke Catherine's heart, sending her away as Princess Dowager and moving on to Anne Boleyn. Catherine had tried to retain her position as Henry's wife and queen, not letting Thomas Cranmer oversee their divorce because "her cause was before the Pope she would have none other judge," (http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cramner-hen8.html).  Catherine demanded that the highest authority in the Church declare their marriage annulled, trying to hang on to her beloved husband, but Henry found a way around that for his own selfish purposes.  None of the years Catherine was faithful to Henry mattered to him; all that he cared about was his wife, any wife, producing an heir for him. Catherine, on the other hand, loved Henry with all her heart until her dying day when she writes him a letter ending with "Lastly, I make this vow, that mine eyes desire you above all things," (http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter5.html) letting him know that she will always love him more than anyone. In Catherine's opinion, and the opinions of many who agree with her, it was surely not right for Henry to divorce her without her having any say, and Henry should not have done away with her for such petty reasons.

The Holy Roman Empire, on a more political and religious standpoint, thought that Henry was overstepping his boundaries as king when he intruded on the position of a religious leader. The Vatican, at this time, had a lot of power. The Holy Roman Empire had started out small in 843, but it had grown to cover much of Europe between that time and the time of Henry VIII's reign. Also during this time, the Holy Roman Emperor in charge of the entire empire was Charles V. This man happened to be the nephew of Henry VIII's wife he was trying to divorce: Catherine of Aragon. Not only did the Holy Roman Emperor disagree on this attempted divorce on religious grounds, but Charles was surely somewhat biased in his decision to not annul Henry's marriage, because he was working partly on the behalf of his family. Though this partisan was not completely right, Henry should have yielded to the ruling of the Holy Roman Empire instead of cutting himself and England off completely to satisfy his need for an heir.  No matter how hard Henry and his associates tried, the Vatican would not be swayed in its decision to not annul the marriage of Henry and Catherine (http://englishhistory.net/tudor/priwols1.html), so Henry took control of his own Church and made his own rules.  In his Act of Supremacy, Henry VIII states that the purpose is "for the conservation of peace, unity, and tranquility of the realm," (http://www.thenagain.info/Classes/Sources/ActSupremacy.html) while in reality he made himself an enemy of the entire Holy Roman Empire by going against their will.

Not only were people of authority against Henry's decision, but many of his subjects and people under him were too. Cardinal Thomas Wosley lost his job and was executed as a result of Henry's discord with the Church, and he surely thought Henry trying to overpower the Vatican was not the best idea. He did all that he could to try to give Henry what he wanted, but it was not enough. Henry, crazy with supreme political and now religious power, ordered Wosley to be killed. Wosley had trusted Henry, saying even upon arrest, "My person was in the king's protection,"  (http://englishhistory.net/tudor/priwols1.html) assuming that this was a mistake and Henry will save him, where in reality Henry was the one condemning him to the Tower of London. After being thrown in the Tower, Wosley "was much astonished and shortly became ill," (http://englishhistory.net/tudor/priwols1.html) eventually dying as a result of Henry and the fact that, now that he had so much power, people that were once close to him were dispensable.  Murder on undeserved grounds, even indirectly, is never ok, and this resulting from Henry's splitting from the Church to divorce Catherine helps to show how Henry's choice was not right, and shows that all the power in his hands corrupted him enough to betray Wosley, one of his chief advisors.

Judging from the viewpoints of many different people in many different positions, as a whole this withdrawal from the Vatican was initially an unjustifiable act of Henry VIII. Some good that came of it in time, though, was a sense of English nationalism when Elizabeth I continued Henry's religious establishment and made Protestantism such a big part of England that it was deeply intertwined in the culture itself. Henry's decision does show that some good can always come from bad. Nevertheless, Henry's decision was made selfishly and has no decent reasons to justify it, but despite his motives, Henry took control and forever changed the fate of England.

Works Cited:
Catherine of Aragon. "Primary Sources - Letter of Katharine of Aragon to Her Husband, King Henry VIII, 7 January 1536." EnglishHistory.net. Web. 28 Sept. 2010. <http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter5.html>.
Cranmer, Thomas. "Medieval Sourcebook: Letter of Thomas Cranmer, 1533." FORDHAM.EDU. Fordham University. Web. 28 Sept. 2010. <http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cramner-hen8.html>.
"Habsburg History - European Monarch Genealogy." Welcome - European Monarch Genealogy. Web. 28 Sept. 2010. <http://www.monarchgenealogy.com/habsburghistory.htm>.
Hall, Edward. "Primary Sources: The Fall of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, 1530."EnglishHistory.net. Web. 28 Sept. 2010. <http://englishhistory.net/tudor/priwols1.html>.
"HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE--1500." McMurry University | Christian College | Universities In Texas. Web. 28 Sept. 2010. <http://www.mcm.edu/academic/depts/history/maps/HOLYROMEMPIRE.html>.
"The Act of Supremacy." Then Again. . . Web. 27 Sept. 2010. <http://www.thenagain.info/Classes/Sources/ActSupremacy.html>.
"The Holy Roman Empire’s Imperial Diet: Electoral Votes in 1792." The Napoleon Series. Web. 28 Sept. 2010. <http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/c_holyroman.html>.

Perugia's History and Accomadations

• History
• Much of Perugia's current art and architecture is an echo of the cultural result of periods of peace and prosperity in their past (http://www.letsgo.com/340-umbria-travel-guides-perugia-d)
• Passes are available to tour a number of museums and sights, including -->
• Accommodation
• The Hotel Priori has large rooms with private terraces, with a gorgeous view of a historical street. http://www.hotelpriori.it/index.htm
• The Albergo Anna has 17th century style rooms with a rustic charm, with ceramic fireplaces and beautiful views over the rooftops. http://www.albergoanna.it/anna.html
• The Etruscan Chocohotel is entirely dedicated to chocolate -- because of the famous chocolate factory in Perugia -- including a chocostore and a chocomenu with food.  Perfect for chocoholics.
• The Brufani Palace Hotel is rated 5 stars and includes beautifully decorate bedrooms and suites, a garden terrace, helpful, friendly staff members that are able to speak at least 3 languages, and an exquisite pool relaxation area.
• Info from: http://hotels.lonelyplanet.com/italy/perugia-r1975521/, http://www.letsgo.com/17807-umbria-travel-guides-perugia-accommodations-c
• Pictures from: http://www.planetware.com/i/photo/cathedral-of-san-lorenzo-genoa-i180.jpg; http://www.hotelpriori.it/Inglese/priori'spictures.htm; http://www.hotels.com/hotels/1000000/30000/27300/27255/27255_70_b.jpg; http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2192/2277243924_2c8a045f2b_m.jpg

Cassero di Porta Sant'Angelo
Offers a historical background
 on the building

Cathedral of San Lorenzo
Gorgeous example of Gothic architecture
that took 400 years to complete

Brufani Palace Hotel Pool Area

View of the Hotel Priori from their website.

"Our Majesty, Queen of England" Trailer

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SJV3Fh1pPkc
Thanks to the extremely talented cast and crew of Brianna Glase, Jimmy Knell, Becca Kotula, Mary Kate Luft, Allison Sanphilippo, and Martha Schick (listed alphabetically) and the following primary sources:

• http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1588elizabeth.html
• http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/elizabeth1.html
• http://englishhistory.net/tudor/eliz1-writings.html#Letters
• http://englishhistory.net/tudor/scot-letters.html
• http://elizabethi.org/us/quotes

Elizabeth I Trailer: Various Notes and Planning

• The Final Product:
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SJV3Fh1pPkc
• Scenes:
• Being born
• Anne Boleyn holding Elizabeth
• The romping
• Step dad walks through door, Elizabeth cowers/is afraid, step dad closes door, Catherine opens door and sees them, gets mad, banishes Elizabeth
• Mary I and Elizabeth make up
• Mary apologizes to Elizabeth
• Mary: "Forgive me dear sister, I apologize," then they hug
• When Elizabeth finds out she's queen
• Sitting under a tree, people bow to her and address her as queen, she quotes psalms
• Elizabeth: "It is the Lord's doing, and it is marvelous in our eyes,"
• Telling Parliament she's not going to get married
• Elizabeth: "I have already joined myself in marriage to a husband, namely the kingdom of England," -OR- "Better beggar woman and single then Queen and married,"
• Confronting Mary, Queen of Scots
• Elizabeth sitting on throne, Mary comes in, guards take her away
• Spanish Armada/Tilbury Speech
• SPEECH- "By your concord in the camp, and by your valor in the field, we shall shortly have a famous victory over the enemies of my God, of my kingdom, and of my people."
• Casting
• Elizabeth = Martha
• Mary, Queen of Scots = Mary Kate
• Mary Tudor/Jailer= Becca
• Anne Boleyn/Guard= Allison
• Henry VIII/Thomas Seymour/Member of Parliament = Jimmy
• Catherine Parr/Guard= Brianna
• Primary Sources:
• http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1588elizabeth.html
• http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/elizabeth1.html
• http://englishhistory.net/tudor/eliz1-writings.html#Letters
• http://englishhistory.net/tudor/scot-letters.html
• http://elizabethi.org/us/quotes
• Filming (when and where)
• Thursday at 4:00 at Martha's house

Henry VIII's Divorce of Catherine of Aragon and Separation from the Church

Henry VIII made a brash decision to sign the Act of Supremacy, bestowing upon himself the authority over the Church of England, in order to be able to divorce his wife Catherine, who would not give him a son, and marry the younger Anne Boleyn.  By making himself head of the Church of England, Henry disconnected himself from Rome and the Vatican, and had not only the power of the crown, but also the power of the supreme religious leader.  Consequently, he also gave himself the ability to marry any woman who would have him, since he had the power to divorce any of his wives should he so choose.  Catherine of Aragon was the first victim of this.  In signing the Act of Supremacy and divorcing Catherine, Henry pushed his power to its limits, and abused the privileges he already had in order to steal more away unjustifiably, angering Catherine, the Holy Roman Empire, and many of Henry's subjects, even though some did happen to be in agreement.

On a personal level, Catherine could not have been fond of Henry's decision to take away her position as queen and divorce her for a younger woman, all because she could not produce a son.  She had been in power for 24 years, serving her husband faithfully and attempting to give him an heir many times, but all of her children were miscarried, stillborn, or died in infancy, except for one: Mary.  Henry was displeased with her and thought their marriage was cursed.  When the Vatican would not let him divorce Catherine, he made himself head of the Church of England and broke Catherine's heart, sending her away as Princess Dowager and moving on to Anne Boleyn.  None of the years Catherine was faithful to Henry mattered to him; all that he cared about was his wife producing an heir for him.  Catherine, on the other hand, loved Henry with all her heart until her dying day.  In Catherine's opinion, and the opinions of many who agree with her, it was surely not right for Henry to divorce her without her having any say, and Henry should not have done away with her for such petty reasons.

The Holy Roman Empire, on a more political and religious standpoint, thought that Henry was overstepping his boundaries as king when he intruded on the position of a religious leader.  The Vatican, at this time, had a lot of power.  The Holy Roman Empire had started out small in 843, but it had grown to cover much of Europe between that time and the time of Henry VIII's reign.  Also during this time, the Holy Roman Emperor in charge of the entire empire was Charles V.  Holy Roman Empire Charles V happened to be the nephew of Henry VIII's wife he was trying to divorce: Catherine of Aragon.  Not only did the Holy Roman Empire disagree on this attempted divorce on religious grounds, but Charles was surely somewhat biased in his decision to not annul Henry's marriage, because he was working partly on the behalf of his family.  Though this partisan was not completely right, Henry should have yielded to the ruling of the Holy Roman Empire instead of cutting himself and England off completely to satisfy his need for an heir.

Not only were people of authority against Henry's decision, but many of his subjects and people under him were too.  Cardinal Thomas Wosley lost his job and was executed as a result of Henry's discord with the Church, and he surely thought Henry trying to overpower the Vatican was not the best idea.  He did all that he could to try to give Henry what he wanted, but it was not enough.  Henry, crazy with supreme political and now religious power, ordered Wosley to be killed.  Murder on undeserved grounds is never ok, and this resulting from Henry's splitting from the Church to divorce Catherine helps to show how Henry's choice was not right.  On the other hand,  there were those such as Thomas Cranmer, who were very much in favor of Henry's decision to separate from the Church in order to divorce Catherine of Aragon.  Being the Archbishop of Canterbury, Cranmer provided a decent opposing view of Wosley, since both of them held much religious power in King Henry's court at one point in time.

Judging from the viewpoints of many different people in many different positions, as a whole this withdrawal from the Vatican was initially an unjustifiable act of Henry VIII. Some good that came of it in time, though, was a sense of English nationalism when Elizabeth I continued Henry's religious establishment and made Protestantism such a big part of England that is was deeply intertwined in the culture itself.  Henry's decision does show that some good can always come from bad.  Nevertheless, there were many more people who disagreed with Henry's choice than those who did agree with his choice, and despite those opinions, Henry took control and forever changed the fate of England.

Works Cited:
Catherine of Aragon. "Primary Sources - Letter of Katharine of Aragon to Her Husband, King Henry VIII, 7 January 1536." EnglishHistory.net. Web. 28 Sept. 2010. <http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter5.html>.

Cranmer, Thomas. "Medieval Sourcebook: Letter of Thomas Cranmer, 1533." FORDHAM.EDU. Fordham University. Web. 28 Sept. 2010. <http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cramner-hen8.html>.

"Habsburg History - European Monarch Genealogy." Welcome - European Monarch Genealogy. Web. 28 Sept. 2010. <http://www.monarchgenealogy.com/habsburghistory.htm>.

Hall, Edward. "Primary Sources: The Fall of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, 1530." EnglishHistory.net. Web. 28 Sept. 2010. <http://englishhistory.net/tudor/priwols1.html>.
"HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE--1500." McMurry University | Christian College | Universities In Texas. Web. 28 Sept. 2010. <http://www.mcm.edu/academic/depts/history/maps/HOLYROMEMPIRE.html>.

"The Act of Supremacy." Then Again. . . Web. 27 Sept. 2010.                        <http://www.thenagain.info/Classes/Sources/ActSupremacy.html>.

"The Holy Roman Empire’s Imperial Diet: Electoral Votes in 1792." The Napoleon Series. Web. 28 Sept. 2010. <http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/c_holyroman.html>.

The Battle of Bosworth Field: Henry VII

I, Henry VII, deserved the English crown,
But I remembered Richard III with a frown.
I was Lancaster, he was not;
And for me to become king would be a long shot. (1)
My right to the crown was from a marriage, (2)
And upon this right Richard disparaged.
There were many accusations against Richard the King
And we Lancasters thought taking his crown would be the only thing. (3)
Richard was cruel, murdering those who got in his way,
And I knew he could never stay. (4)
I turned my Lancasters against the king,
And we were ready to make Richard feel the sting
Of the people who didn't want him to succeed,
And the people who only wanted for him to bleed.
We planned a battle in this War of Roses,
Against the ones the House of Lancaster opposes. (5)
We met in August of 1485,
Bosworth Field was where we arrived. (6)
At first my army felt dismay;
We felt that victory was far away.
Richard's supporters outnumbered the stars;
Because of this, our triumph seemed so far.
But we held up their heads in determination,
And I gave them a proclamation.
We would all fight to our very deaths
If we needed to breathe their last breaths.
Some would live, and some would not,
But none of their legacies would be forgot.
Lives of both of the sides were lost,
At this battle, so great a cost.
But we fought on courageously,
Swinging our swords outrageously.
For us of Lancaster, this paid off
And though the Yorkists at first had scoffed,
Many of their knights and even Richard were slain,
And this victory would be our gain.
With our enemy vanquished, our foes were weak;
So with triumph I could speak.
I, Henry Tudor, became the rightful king,
And a knew dynasty in England would begin. (7)



(1)
"Richard III Society--Croyland Chronicle." Richard III Society - American Branch. Web. 26 Sept. 2010. <http://www.r3.org/bookcase/croyland/croy2.html>.
(2)
"War of Roses Family Tree." Web. 26 Sept. 2010. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/WarRosesFamilyTree.png>.
(3)
"Richard III Society--Croyland Chronicle." Richard III Society - American Branch. Web. 26 Sept. 2010. <http://www.r3.org/bookcase/croyland/croy2.html>.
(4)
Warpole, Horace. "Richard III Society--Online Library." Richard III Society - American Branch. Web. 25 Sept. 2010. <http://www.r3.org/bookcase/walpole/walpole1.html>.
(5)
"Richard III Society- Ballad of Bosworth, Text." Richard III Society - American Branch. Web. 25 Sept. 2010. <http://www.r3.org/bosworth/ballad2.html>.
(6)
"Richard III Society-Bosworth Field." Richard III Society - American Branch. Web. 25 Sept. 2010. <http://www.r3.org/bosworth/index.html>.
(7)
"Richard III Society- Ballad of Bosworth, Text." Richard III Society - American Branch. Web. 25 Sept. 2010. <http://www.r3.org/bosworth/ballad2.html>.

The Battle of Bosworth Field: Richard III

We Yorks and the Lancasters
At ends we had met;
I am the king,
But the war's not over yet.

Two dynasties fighting
For right of the crown,
But the Lancaster family
Would soon be beat down. (1)

In this House of York,
I was the Duke,
And some think my becoming king
Was just a minor fluke.

When people got in my way,
I shut them down,
Not feeling any regret
Or even showing a frown. (2)

When the Lancastrians came
To rival my court herein,
My knights and I laughed;
We would surely win.

The House of Lancaster
thought Henry VII should be king,
And I disagreed with
Much more that that little thing.

And there were many supporters
On my side,
And even if many
Of them would die,

I knew my army
Couldn't be beat,
And I'd never think
He would taste defeat. (3)

Our armies met in at Bosworth,
August of 1485,
And Henry's surely knew
Not all would come out alive. (4)

My army fought
So valiantly,
But besides that,
This gallantry

Would not prevent
The slaughter that occurred
And the devastation that was caused
By the swinging of a sword.

I thought I'd never fall
This very day,
But before I died,
I could at least say

I took some Lancastrians
With me to the beyond,
And all my supporters
Were obviously still fond

Of the things
That I did
For England
And the politics amid

The ruthless murders
The Lancastrians remember,
But even in the end
I never surrendered

I was killed in the battle,
A brave way to go,
And the histories about me
Surely all show

The triumphs I made
When I was still around
And even though now,
With my bones in the ground,

I, Richard III,
Still live on,
And til everyone forgets,
I will never be gone. (5)




(1)

Warpole, Horace. "Richard III Society--Online Library." Richard III Society - American Branch. Web. 25 Sept. 2010. http://www.r3.org/bookcase/walpole/walpole1.html.

(2)

More, Thomas. "Richard III." Richard III Society - American Branch. Web. 25 Sept. 2010. http://www.r3.org/bookcase/more/moretext.html.

(3)

"Richard III Society- Ballad of Bosworth, Text." Richard III Society - American Branch. Web. 25 Sept. 2010. http://www.r3.org/bosworth/ballad2.html.

(4)

"Richard III Society-Bosworth Field." Richard III Society - American Branch. Web. 25 Sept. 2010. http://www.r3.org/bosworth/index.html.

(5)

Warpole, Horace. "Richard III Society--Online Library." Richard III Society - American Branch. Web. 25 Sept. 2010. http://www.r3.org/bookcase/walpole/walpole1.html.

Anne Boleyn

Anne Boleyn was Queen of England from 1533-1536 as the second wife of King Henry VIII. She was a key figure in the English Reformation. Anne started out as the maid of honor for Catherine of Aragon, Henry VIII's first wife. Henry began to pursue Ann in 1525, and he wanted to annul his marriage to his wife Catherine so that he could marry Anne. The Vatican would not allow Henry to annul his marriage to Catherine; this began the breaking down of the power of the Catholic Church in England. Anne gave Henry documents from the early Church that said that the king had royal supremacy. This is what started the English Reformation, because Henry decided that he would split away from the Catholic Church in order to divorce Catherine and marry Anne, which is what he ended up doing.
http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/boleyn.html#Biography
http://englishhistory.net/tudor/ab-percy.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Boleyn

Thomas Wosley

Thomas Wolsey was a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and a political figure in England during the late 1400's and early 1500's. Wolsey became Henry VII's almoner -- a church officer who was in charge of distributing alms to the poor. His power continued to grow, and by 1514 he was in charge of almost all the matters of the state. He was extremely powerful within the Church. His highest political position was as Lord Chancellor, the King's chief advisor. In the Church he became Archbishop of York and he was made a cardinal in 1515.
Wolsey was close with the King until he could not get the Vatican to allow Henry to divorce Katherine. In a letter from Anne Boleyn to Wolsey, Anne says, "I cannot comprehend, and the king still less, how your reverent lordship, after having allured us by so many fine promises about divorce, can have repented of your purpose, and how you could have done what you have, in order to hinder the consummation of it" (http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter8.html). From that point on Wolsey was not on good terms with the King. In 1529, Wolsey's government position and property were taken from him. At Cawood, he was accused of treason and ordered to go to London. On the way there he fell ill and died on Novemeber 29, 1530.

Sources:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey
http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter8.html


Image from:http://www.nndb.com/people/585/000094303/thomas-wolsey-1-sized.jpg

Catherine of Aragon

Catherine of Aragon was born in 1485 in Spain.  She later moved to England and married Arthur, Prince of Wales.  After he died of sickness, Catherine then married his brother, Henry VIII, who would become King of England, with Catherine as his queen.  From the years 1509 - 1533, she ruled the land beside Henry.  Through the years, Catherine became pregnant a total of six times, but only one girl, Mary, survived past infancy.  When Catherine became to old to bear any more children, Henry divorced her for Anne Boleyn, a much younger woman with whom he was smitten, in 1533 (http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cramner-hen8.html).  Three years later, Catherine of Aragon died on January 7 in Kimbolton Castle, after writing a letter to the ex-husband whom she still loved (http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter5.html).

"Catherine of Aragon." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 24 Sept. 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon>.

Lancastrian vs. Ricardian

Polydore Virgil:

In his 1846 account of Richard III, Virgil takes a more Lancastrian point of view against the king. Describing the purpose of the things Richard III did, he says "Thus covering and cloking certane days his desire, under the colour and pretence of common welthe, he so enveglyd the myndes of the nobilitye," communicating that he believes the Richard used flattery and the excuse that everything he was doing was for the kingdom to get the noble people and aristocrats on his side. The noblemen who saw past his ruse, though, Virgil says that Richard wanted nothing more than to get them out of the way, just like he did to William Lord Hastings. Pertaining to this murder, Virgil says "...Whether yt wer that he [Richard] fearyd his [Hasting's] powr, or despearyd yt possible to draw him to his syde and opynyon, he determynyd to ryd the man owt of the way before his purpose showld be discoveryd to the resydew, whom he did not yeat fully trust," meaning that Richard was all too eager to dispose of people who may get in his way to the throne. On the murder itself, Virgil talks about how Richard hired men to kill Hastings " when he [Richard] showld geave a signe," so they could "kill him forthwith."

Horace Warpole:

Opposed to Virigl, Warpole seems to take a more Ricardian opinion of Richard III, talking about how, though the Lancastrians made Richard out to be horribly deformed, Warpole defends that Richard's shoulders may have only be slightly uneven. In his very first sentence, "With regard to the person of Richard, it appears to have been as much misrepresented as his actions," Warpole shows the reader that he believes that Richard III was not bad, in neither looks nor actions, as some Lancastrians make him out to be. Warpole drew his conclusions about Richard III by looking at paintings from that time period, and upon seeing one of them where Richard has no major deformities, he comments, "Who can believe that an eye-witness, and so minute a painter, would have mentioned nothing but the inequality of the shoulders, if Richard's form had been a compound of ugliness?" He even describes the painter, John Rous, as a self-proclaimed Lancastrian, but Rous still painted the truth of what Richard III really looks like. And Warpole, in passing on this truth and not a lie about the deformities of Richard, is Ricardian at heart, and reflects this belief in his writings.

Terms Relating to Richard III

Traditionalist: A tradionalist does things the traditional way, just as the people before them have done, and just how the people in charge want things done.

Revisionist: Revisionists often disagree with popular thought, and go out of their way to back up what they believe. In the time of Richard III, the revisionists were the people who told about the truth, even if the aristocrats were opposed to it.

Lancastrian: This this the way people of the Lancastrian, and later Tudor, dynasty and those who agreed with those people thought of things. In Richard III's case, he was on the opposing side, so many Lancastrians focused on his less-than-ideal traits, and even may have made some things up to make him sound like a villain.

Ricardian: This is the way the people of the Yorkish family and those who were in favor of it viewed Richard III. Since Richard was fighting for them, they glorified him and overlooked his faults, making him seem like a perfect king and ruler.

McPherson, James. "Revisionist Historians." American Historical Association. 7 Feb. 2007. Web. 21 Sept. 2010. .

"Modern History Sourcebook: Editorial of the Liberation Army Daily (Jiefangjun Bao) Mao Tse-Tung's Thought Is the Telescope and Microscope of Our Revolutionary Cause, June 7, 1966." FORDHAM.EDU. July 1998. Web. 23 Sept. 2010. .Nichols, J. B.

"Richard III Society--Croyland Chronicle." Richard III Society - American Branch. Web. 23 Sept. 2010. .

"The Richard III and Yorkist History Server." Richard III Society - American Branch. Web. 23 Sept. 2010. .