2) Eastern Orthodox Church: After the Christian Church split in 1054, this was the half centered in Constantinople
3) Crusades: A series of religious wars fought from 1095 to 1291 in a vain attempt to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims
4) Bubonic Plague (Black Death): A deadly disease that came from the Middle East to Europe in the 14th century that was caused by bacteria living on rats and wiped out over 30% of the population
5) Gunpowder: A mixture of coal and sulfur that first appeared in Europe in Norway in 1250 A.D. and was a big factor in warfare
6) Medici: An influential family in Europe that gained power after developing a bank and becoming rich. Giovanni, Cosimo, and Lorenzo were all humanists and big patrons of the arts
7) Oligarchies: Committees of the wealthy and powerful that rule city-states and are often tyrannical; Ex. - Vaishali, the First French Republic, Sparta
8) Condottieri: Foreign mercenaries soldier leaders who were sometimes hired by city states to make their armies stronger
9) New Monarchies: Stable and centralized governments created by 15th century European rulers
10) Humanism: A secular concept of life with a focus on the liberal arts (Classics, rhetoric, history)
11) Renaissance Man: The ideal person who used his opportunities, demonstrated control, and was a casual expert in many subjects; Ex. - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Renaissance_men
12) Perspective: A way to paint or draw to give work depth and a three-dimensional sense
13) Leonardo da Vinci: A painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, and writer who is considered to be one of the most diversely talented men in history
14) Michelangelo (Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni): A painter, sculptor, architect, poet, and engineer during Renaissance whose rival was da Vinci
15) Frescoes: Mural paintings done by mixing color into wet plaster on a wall or a ceiling
16) Madonnas: Paintings of the the Madonna that were popular in Renaissance Italy, though religious paintings were as a whole declining because of the secular humanism in this time period
17) Raphael Sanzio: A painter and architect of the high Renaissance who paid special attention to religious works, made famous by his painting of the Madonna and Child
18) Pieta: Christian art depicting the Virgin Mary cradling the dead body of Jesus
19) Filippo Brunelleschi: One of the foremost architects and engineers in the Italian Renaissance, the architect who built the Florence Cathedral dome
20) Dante Alighieri: The author of the Divine Comedy, in Florence, Italy, which he wrote in the vernacular
21) Francasco Petrarch: An Italian poet who developed the Italian sonnet
22) Giovanni Boccaccio: Notable humanist of the italian Renaissance and writer of the Decameron, written in the vernacular
23) Baldassare Castiglioni: An Italian courtier, diplomat, soldier, and a Renaissance author who wrote a book on how to be a proper courtier
24) Niccolo Machiavelli: An Italian philosopher and writer based in Florence during the Renaissance who wrote The Prince
25) Christian humanists: People who were more spiritual in their outlook, less materialistic, and more focused on questions of morality and ethics
26) New universities: An influx of universities founded in the North in the 15th century
27) Fugger: A family of bankers from Germany in the 15th and 16th century in who were known as replacing the Medicis
28) Thomas More: English lawyer, humanist, philosopher, author, and statesmen of the Italian renaissance who was an important chancellor to Henry and considered a saint in the Catholic Church
29) Desiderius Erasmus: A clergyman who believed in the goodness of humanity
30) Mysticism: A mystery religion that doesn't have an exact belief in the divine
31) Brothers and Sisters of the Common Life: A Roman Catholic religious community formed in the 14th century who practiced the Modern Devotion
32) Flemish Masters: Painters of realistic oil paintings
33) New Monarchies:
Tudors- The Tudor dynasty or House of Tudor was a prominent European royal house of Welsh origin that ruled the Kingdom of England and its realms, including the Lordship and Kingdom of Ireland, from 1485 until 1603. Its first monarch was Henry Tudor.
Valois - a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty, succeeding the House of Capet as kings of France from 1328 to 1589. A cadet branch of the family reigned as dukes of Burgundy from 1363 to 1482.
Habsburgs - Important royal house of Europe from which all elected Holy Roman Emperors and rulers of Austria and Spain came
34) Star Chamber: A royal court developed by Henry VII for offending nobility, conducted without a jury
35) Inquisition: Institutions that fought against heretics within the Roman Catholic Church
36) Holy Roman Empire: A realm of German states bound together under one emperor that grew for many years
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